Insanity in A Rose for Emily Essay - 1245 Words

The author, William Faulkner, has a collection of books, short stories, and poems under his name. Through his vast collection of works, Faulkner attempts to discuss and bring awareness to numerous aspects of life. More often than not, his works were created to reflect aspects of life found within the south. Family dynamics, race, gender, social class, war, incest, racism, suicide, necrophilia, and mental illness are just some of the aspects that Faulkner explored. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† the aspects of necrophilia and mental illness along with the societal biases that were observed in a small-town setting are seen to be a part of this captivating story. These aspects ultimately intertwine with the idea of insanity that characterizes â€Å"A Rose†¦show more content†¦Also during that time period a common treatment for such disorders included a procedure known as trephining. This procedure included chipping a hole into the skull of the afflicted person. This procedu re has endured through time and is still used today in a more refined way to treat medical problems like migraines and skull fractures. When dealing with mental afflictions, Ancient Egyptians recommended modern methods like engaging in recreational activities like dancing, and painting. In the past it has also been common to lock up in jails or dungeons individuals who were mentally ill and who acted out. In the 17th century drugs like laudanum, unguents, opium grains were used as sedatives to ease the torment that mentally ill individuals would endure. At certain points in time, the mentally ill were housed in monasteries up until asylums were created and used to hold these individuals. A person’s insanity can often lead to them being judged and looked down upon by society because they can’t understand that their actions are not accepted in society. This statement is true in relation to the story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, in the story it is seen how the townspeople speculate about the strangeness of Emily and her family. The story is narrated by several generations of men and women from the town and unlike other stories, the chronology is all over theShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily: Insanity, Murder and Death Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesKimberly Sargent Dr. Ha-Birdsong English 1213 October 24, 2008 â€Å"A Rose for Emily†: Insanity, Murder and Death â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, is a short story telling the life of Emily Grierson Throughout the story, Emily progresses from being a young â€Å"slender figure in white† (82) to, after her father’s death, having short hair that made â€Å"her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows-sort of tragic and serene† (83), and finally lookingRead More Insanity and Madness in A Rose For Emily and Yellow Wallpaper965 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity in A Rose For Emily And The Yellow Wallpaper    The women in Faulkners and Gilmans stories are victims of male over-protectiveness.   The men that rule their lives trap Emily in A Rose For Emily and the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper. Each character must retreat into their own world as an escape from reality. Emily is destroyed by her fathers over-protectiveness. He prevents her from courting anyone as none of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and suchRead More Loneliness to Insanity and Madness in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wall-Paper1545 Words   |  7 PagesFrom Loneliness to Insanity in A Rose for Emily and The Yellow Wall-Paper      Ã‚   In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir states that within a patriarchal society woman does not enjoy the dignity of being a person; she herself forms a part of the patrimony of a man: first of her father, then of her husband (82-3). Both Emily Grierson in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and the narrator of Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper are forced into solitude simply because they are womenRead MoreThe, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Mississippi Native William Faulkner s `` A Rose For Emily ``869 Words   |  4 Pagesand Mississippi native William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both contain extreme delusional characters (â€Å"Charlotte Perkins Gilman†, â€Å"William Faulkner†). These characters lose touch with the real world and slowly begin to exhibit madness. Although both characters are unable to grasp reality, they both express distinct methods that show the severity and capability of their insanity. Gilman’s and Faulkner’s main characters, Emily and the other who is unnamed, both lose touch with realityRead MoreCharacter Comparison for The Fall of the House of Usher and A Rose for Emily1109 Words   |  5 PagesPoe and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, we see common themes of a gothic genre filled with rhetorical twists and turns. The dynamics in each work are elaborately depicted through the eyes of two narrators who are watching these pieces unfold. Many similar themes experienced in both Poe and Faulkner’s work deal with the ideology of death and preservation in regard to the one’s loved and lovers. Roderick Usher is the main character in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Emily GriersonRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman And A Rose For Emily895 Words   |  4 Pageswritten by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† written by William Faulkner, have a lot in commo n regarding the main characters. Each narrative focuses on the lifestyle and behavior of a bizarre woman who has been kept away for a certain period of time. One could argue that these women were not initially deranged, though something must have occurred to send them on such a downward spiral. The main characters in each account, Jane and Miss Emily, endure situations in their lives which proveRead MoreThe Image of Women in the Eighteenth Century Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesperson to their ruin. From A Rose For Emily and The Yellow Wallpaper, we can see very clearly the evident that lead these women to their tragic ending. In A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner, a noble woman being isolated from people in her town and because of loneliness she end up insane and have a tragic life. Also in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the narrator is being restricted to all her favorite things and that leads her to insanity. These two women have one thingRead MoreEssay about A Withering Rose inWilliam Faulkner’s, A Rose For Emily540 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s, A Rose For Emily, encompasses various themes, but the theme most prevalent in the short story is decay. Time waits for no one, and for Miss Emily Grierson, time left her behind. A Rose For Emily depicts the motionless decay of a woman stuck in time, as her concept of reality is lost. Throughout the story Faulkner characterizes Emily and the atmosphere around her as addled and withered. In the short story, A Rose For Emily, by William Faulkner, a woman is ultimately overcome byRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s `` A Rose For Emily ``953 Words   |  4 PagesAllen Poe and Stephen King are known for their creepy writings, William Faulkner has achieved a level of disturbing that is hardly reached in short stories. A Rose for Emily is a story that shows how the insanity of one woman is able to shock an entire town, even in death. When first reading A Rose for Emily, anyone can see how twisted Emily Grierson is. Not only for the fact that she was sleeping in the same bed as a corpse, but because this was not the first time that she had kept a dead body inRead More Theme of Death in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesTheme of Death in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is a tragic tale of a Southern aristocrat, Miss Emily Grierson, who is the subject of a towns obsession.   The narrator, a member of the town, tells the story of what transpires in a decaying old Southern house that is always under the watchful eye of the townspeople.   They witness Miss Emilys life, her fathers death, her turn to insanity and the death of both her and her lover.   The theme

End of Life Kristin Adler - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2117 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Kristin Adler Contemporary Moral Problems December 15, 2009 End of Life I would like to start off by answering two questions: â€Å"What is a person? and â€Å"What is death? † When I started looking up a definition for â€Å"person† it amazed me how many different variations there are. I feel that a person is one that is recognized by the law and has rights and duties. A person also has the moral right to make its own life-choices and to live without interference from others. Death is an eternal termination of all vital functions. The website death-and-dying. rg says â€Å"death is the cessation of the connection between our mind and our body†. I do agree with this statement with the thought that when death occurs our consciousness leaves the body to go on to the next life. Dying is the final portion of the life cycle for all of us here on earth. Providing excellent, humane care to patients near the end of life, when healing means are either no longer p ossible or, no longer desired by the patient, is an essential part of medicine. For physicians and health care providers to provide excellent care to dying patients and their families, they need expertise as well as compassion. Making excellent care for dying patients regularly available will require improvements in the professional education. There should be added teachings on the life of and the care of a terminal person. The care of the dying patient, like all medical care, should be guided by the values and preferences of the individual patient. Independence and dignity are central issues for many dying patients. Maintaining control and not being a burden can also be relevant concerns. I believe the patient â€Å"maintaining control† is the first concern of someone who has been given a terminal diagnosis. Sometimes the hardest part about dying is the effect it has on family and friends. Helping them deal with the pending death also helps the patient find peace and c omfort. By maintaining control of medical decisions and helping others deal with the imminent death, helps the patient be at peace with his or her own mortality. As a member of the hospital Ethics Committee, I would like to say, there are many hospitals with poor end-of-life policies or inadequate palliative care training for their physicians. We live in a death denying culture and too often hospital policies cause the dying patients often to suffer needlessly with their pain and symptoms going uncontrolled or the doctors make the decisions on the treatment or care without first consulting the patient or family. I want to introduce programs to make doctors more comfortable caring for the dying, including respecting a patient’s wishes even if the physician does not agree with them. A policy of â€Å"patient-centered care† where the doctors consult dying people about their desires and priorities should be put in place. This policy should not allow doctors to contra dict a patient’s wishes or make decision on their own, even when they think a bad choice has been made. The doctor should be able to discuss the options and alternatives with the patient but ultimately the patient makes the choice and the doctor follows through with the decision. If the patient is unable to decide for themselves the doctor should defer to someone with legal authority to make the decision on behalf of the patient and then follow this decision. I propose a project that teaches staff to recognize when a patient is within days or hours of death. It then instructs them to follow specific procedures, including counseling patients and families through decisions about end-of-life care. With the goal being to ensure more people spend their final days in comfort and dignity. What I want to see is people who are not experts in palliative care learn the skills and model them so that they become the standard for doctors. â€Å"By equipping more physicians with the ski lls to treat the routine cases, palliative specialists such as Dr. Bhimji say they can focus on patients with more complex needs. The palliative care team doesnt need to see every dying patient in the hospital, she says. Every physician should have a base level of competency in providing good quality end-of-life care. (www. canada. com/ottawacitizen) I agree with caring for a dying patient however they wish. It should not matter if it is physician assisted suicide, extraordinary treatment, euthanasia or the standard hospice or palliative care. How the patient wants to spend their remaining days should be their choice not a doctor’s decision. The Utilitarian says that you should be free to do what you like as long as the consequences of what you do don’t harm anyone else. I’m struggling with the notion of the Utilitarian agreeing with ending someone’s life. On the one side I see where assisting in the person’s death upon their request will bring pleasure and relief but the family will be affected by the consequences also. The action of ending the patient’s life will be hurtful to the family by taking the life earlier than nature intended. This is then contrary to utilitarianism. Deontological argument is the simplest moral outlook on suicide and holds that it is necessarily wrong because human life is sacred. Therefore this moral theory is opposite to how I see things, I agree life is sacred but when death is imminent and the patient is in pain or no longer able to function and the person chooses to end their life, then I feel their wishes should be met. There are two main type of relativism. Descriptive ethical relativism claims as a matter of fact that different people have different moral beliefs, but it takes no stand on whether those beliefs are valid or not. Normative ethical relativism claims that each culture’s beliefs are right within that culture, and that it is impossible to validly judge ano ther culture’s values from the outside. So what the norm is for our culture is what is accepted. So this does not agree with my views, since our society is a life driven culture and frowns on ending any person’s life. Ethical Egoism is a moral theory that states that each person ought to act in his or her own self-interest. This is the view that best fits my ideal recommendation on the issue of early termination of life. By letting the dying patient decide what is best for them and giving that person total control of how and when they will die goes along with the ethical egoist’s position. An article from â€Å"The Honolulu Advertiser† dated December 13, 2009 â€Å"Attempted killing puts issue of terminally ill back in spotlight† shows to what extent a dying person or a family member will go to. When someone you love is in extreme pain and does not want to suffer any longer, you no longer consider â€Å"Is this legal? † or â€Å"What are the consequences of what I am doing? † â€Å"Court documents say Yagi shot his wife shortly after 6 p. m. Tuesday at Castle Medical Center. He used a shotgun round from a flare gun, police said. Yagi has no criminal record in Hawaii and he has been released on bail. † Dennis Arakaki, a former legislator who serves as executive director of the Hawaii Family Forum and the Hawaii Catholic Conference, said the shooting at Castle should be seen as a case of a lone individual who apparently wasnt getting the help he needed. Here is an example where further education of the medical staff and policies in place in caring for dying patients may have kept her husband from going to such extreme measure to relieve his wife of her suffering. I am trying to put myself in the position of a terminal patient and from my own life experiences look at things from the family’s side as well. I am having a hard time coming up with discussion against my point of view. I know there is more than one side to this debate but it is hard for me to believe anyone would want someone they love to suffer. I know we always want to hope there will be a miracle cure that will come before our loved one dies, but we must not let them suffer any more than necessary. I am a Christian and know murder is a sin, but I feel that watching someone suffer is also a sin. Why would God want someone to suffer extremely before death? How can family and friends standby and wait for the end to come? How long will the family keep coming around to see the dying person in this state? They usually want to remember them in happier settings and do not want to deal with the end. So by letting the patient make the decisions and keep control of their medical treatment, it alleviates the family of this tremendous responsibility hanging over them about letting their loved one go. I know active euthanasia is illegal in the United States but the passive euthanasia is legal. So we can remove lif e support and let the patient starve or dehydrate and give large doses of morphine but we cannot legally be justified in ending it quickly for them. To me this is confusing, but I do understand as I stated earlier we live in a death denying culture (death by any means except natural is not acceptable). The physician assisted suicide (PAS) which is legal in Oregon and Montana seems to me a good option available to dying patients. Just having the option to choose how and when to die gives the patient the control we all strive for in life. So taking it from us at the end of our life seems cruel. Physician assisted suicide allows terminally-ill Oregonians to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. The statistics show that in 2008 physicians wrote 88 prescriptions and only 54 of the patients took the medication to end their life. Others died naturally of their disease and some were still ali ve at the end of 2008. So just because the person decides to make this choice it is still up to them when they take the medicine, the patient has ontrol. This cannot be an easy request to make of your doctor no matter how much you want to end the pain. A patient must make sure they go through counseling and psychiatric evaluations and consider all medical options available before making this decision. Many patients in the United States opt for hospice care or palliative care when diagnosed as terminal (6 months or less to live). Hospice and palliative care both provide physical, emotional and spiritual comfort care for the patient and their family. So, when does someone choose palliative care or hospice care? Upon a persistent, debilitating and life-limiting illness, a person can include palliative care in the treatment plan. This will clarify goals and ensure that they will be followed, no matter who is providing the care and where it is delivered. With palliative care the patie nt will be allowed to have any treatment the patient wants. It is the patient’s decision and terminal sedation is allowed. The palliative care gives the control back to the patient. In the later stages of the illness the patients and caregivers needs increase and it is then time to change to hospice care. With hospice care all treatments are stopped and the focus is on comfort only. I have always liked a saying by Albert Einstein â€Å"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is a though everything is a miracle. † I try to think each day is something great and I would like to be able to continue to have this outlook even at the very end of life. By allowing people to have choices at the end of their life and let them be in control of the final decisions may help keep the outlook that everything is a miracle, even death. End of Life – Resources https://www. ospicenet. org/html/dying_guide. html www. merriam-we bster. com/dictionary www. death-and-dying. org www. hospicenet. org A Dying Person’s Guide to Dying by Roger C. Bone, M. D. www. canada. com/ottawacitizen By The Ottawa Citizen April 26, 2005 Dying in hospital: Care in a culture of cure https://deadpanthoughts. com/2009/01/euthanasia-justified-according-to-utilitarianism https://ethics. sandiego. edu/LMH/E2/Glossary. html https://www. oregon. gov/DHS/ph/pas/index. shtml https://www. americanhospice. org Hospice Care or Palliative Care: Whats the Right Care for Me? By Johanna Turner | | Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "End of Life Kristin Adler" essay for you Create order

Crisis Intervention Free Essays

Crisis and Intervention An environmental crisis situation occurred on New Year’s A tornado touched down in the area serve in Missouri. I was one of the first on the scene after the first responders Many of the victims had been evacuated and were not being allowed back into the are The few people that did service were In such shock that lust a cup of coffee and help In communicating with their loved ones was all they wanted at the moment. Ell towers, phone lines, power lines, etc were down In the area, so communication was difficult. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now On a dally basis however I encounter developmental crawls situations; these tuitions are developmental In nature because many have been raised In homes where financial crawls Is a dally event. Many of the clients I serve have been repeat clients for many years. Often times their parent’s or grandparent’s were also habitual clients. They often times are seeking food assistance as well as assistance In paying utility bills and rental cost. These situations are all crisis because tot the effect they have on the individual. Whether the crisis is situational, environmental or developmental the basis emotion is the same tort the person in the midst tot the crisis. A crisis is a negative event that is often times unexpected to the individual. Even in the case of the person in need of utility assistance. Ear on a daily basis, â€Å"l thought rd get the money to pay my bill, I never thought I’d be disconnected. How to cite Crisis Intervention, Papers Crisis Intervention Free Essays Future Trends in Crisis Intervention Abstract Mental Health Paraprofessionals (MHPP) will work with the client and family on behavioral issues that occur in the home, school, and community. The MHPP serves on the treatment team and assists professional staff with the execution of the treatment plan. They also assist with securing community services that might be available to the client and the client’s family. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Intervention or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of intensive Mental Health Paraprofessional Intervention is to enable the client to be maintained in the most normalized, least restrictive setting as possible, and to prevent unnecessary, inappropriate institutionalization. This paper discusses an overview paraprofessionals, the impact the paraprofessionals have on the field, the challenges that organizations are faced, and how to manage with the implemented changes. Future Trends in Crisis Intervention As the population in the United States continues to climb the need for human services professionals does the same. Human service agencies are often face the dilemmas of being over-worked and under paid. Professionals in this field are often prone to burnout because of these dilemmas. Sadly, human service agencies are often the first to experience budget cuts. These budget cuts affect the human service professional’s organization, facility, coworkers, pay, clients, and their personal moral. Leading officials of many human service organizations are noticing the affects of these dilemmas and are trying proactive approaches in solving the epidemics. As a result, the paraprofessional is becoming increasingly popular as the organization can fill the much needed worker positions and assist in alleviating clinician case load. This paper discusses the impact of this trend on the human services field and how the trend will impact the practice of crisis intervention in the future. The challenges faced as a result of the impact, and how the worker can proactively deal with this expanding trend is also covered. It is vital for these services to keep up with the demand and save as much of the valuable budget money. The Paraprofessional Counseling paraprofessionals are bachelor’s level graduates whom have completed a course in order to become certified as a paraprofessional. Paraprofessionals generally work in mental health centers, crisis units, day treatment programs and group homes. Generally they provide direct care to patients, where as a counselor, psychologist or psychiatrist offer more specified trained services. Treatment centers will employ support staff to work directly with their patients; counseling center paraprofessionals (CCP) are distinctly different from other support staff (Barrios amp; Perlas, 2010). They hold a certification in working with the mentally ill and a bachelor’s degree while certified counseling technicians (CCT) have a similar certification, but hold a high school diploma instead of a bachelor’s degree (Barrios amp; Perlas, 2010). Some treatment centers will also hire direct service professionals that do not have CCP or CCT certifications, but generally, those whom hold a certification are in higher demand and are more employable. Contact of a Paraprofessional The main purpose of a CCP is to interact directly with patients in their care; this may involve setting and enforcing rules on unit, organizing daily activities, and helping with chores or other similar duties. According to Christine Wyman (2012), â€Å"They often have more contact with clients that much of the other staff, including doctors, psychologists, and therapists, as the CCP is usually in charge of the client’s day to day activities. † Though the CCP performs less specialized work, they often have the most insight into individual clients. Because of the constant contact they are an invaluable member of the treatment team. With how often CCP’s get to observe patients on a daily basis they are able to pick up on behavior patterns that other staff may not see. They are also able to see how various treatments affect a patient in their daily lives. Some CCPs are designated to work one on one with a single client. A CCP in this role is often assigned as such because a client has a particular need. â€Å"Such needs could include but are not limited to helping a client with severe cognitive or physical limitations, watching a client whom is a danger to himself or others or working with a client whose treatment goals involve intensive one on one work† (Wyman, 2012). Impact There are many ways that the use of counseling center paraprofessionals can benefit the organization. One of the many benefits of the paraprofessional in the human service career field could be that they require less training than typical clinician or other human service professional. That way the CCP is able to become certified and begin work in a much shorter time frame then someone who is going through all the required schooling and testing to become a licensed professional. Another aspect deals with the lesser amount of pay therefore saving the organization money. With the way budgets are being cut it is important to stretch every dollar as much as possible. â€Å"Someone without the education or licensure will not be able to do as much as a professional and therefore require less pay therefore saving money for other areas it is needed† (Barrios ;amp; Perlas, 2010). Since CCP’s spend a great deal of time with the patients they serve as valuable member of the treatment team in helping diagnose issues and observe if prescribed treatments are working. With the CCP’s doing this then that opens up the professionals to work with more clients on a one on one basis. Challenges Paraprofessionals in the human services field can be considered both an important asset and a nuisance to the clinicians and the clients served. With all the good that a paraprofessional brings the position also has some negatives. During this tumultuous economy, districts find themselves entertaining a variety of solutions as a means of tackling severe budget reductions, and colleges are faced with the impossible task of providing quality student services without adequate resources. As a result, paraprofessionals may have absorbed additional duties previously performed by a robust counseling department. Also the CCP’s can be improperly trained or supervised. Because of these two occurrences the care provided can suffer. When people are overworked they are more likely to suffer from burnout. In this case the lack of CCP’s can cause burnout on behalf of the professionals and if the CCP’s are doing more than they should they can become burnt out. Managing Paraprofessional responsibilities should not extend beyond information dissemination. When the duties expand into goal setting, planning or decision making, the paraprofessional has overstepped his/her professional boundaries. It is recommended that paraprofessional roles and duties be assessed to ensure that paraprofessionals do not extend beyond their primary job description (Barrios ;amp; Perlas, 2010). If paraprofessionals are utilized, proper training and supervision are imperative. Both training and supervision should be conducted with counselors taking an active role in both. Training methods could include individual one-on-one trainings, small group trainings, or an in-service training to the greater college community in order to differentiate the goals and responsibilities between counselors and paraprofessionals. Trainings and supervision should include clearly defined responsibilities and a counselor referral process. Identification badges, that include name and position, should be provided along with ethical and confidentiality regulations. Closing Crisis Intervention Counseling plays an important role and benefits many people in their time of need. With the direction of society and the numerous budget cuts that are implemented each year, the affected organizations that provide these services must find the best way to survive. In hiring counseling center paraprofessionals the group takes some of the pressure off of the professionals and spread the work out more evenly. This move also saves the organization money on a tight budget. There are many issues that face the human service field and counseling in the future but one major is the funding. CCP’s can do a lot to solve this issue now and in the future as budgets for these services get cut even more. How to cite Crisis Intervention, Papers

Evolving Perspectives on Merchants free essay sample

The attitudes toward merchants from Islam and Christianity differed; some viewed merchants in a positive light but others thought of them in a negative way. Between 70 CE and 1500 BCE the attitudes changed over time. Islam first viewed merchants with a positive attitude and over time, their perspective evolved into a negative view of merchants, as for Christianity they first viewed merchants negatively and then over time their view evolved into looking at merchants positively, rather. First, Muslims looked at merchants positively as long as they abided by the guidelines put into the Qur’an; in Christianity merchants were perceived negatively because of how strictly the bible was interpreted. Muslim perceptions of merchants became negative around 1170 BCE, around that same time Christian attitudes changed as well and leaned more toward positive. Documents 1 and 2 go from 620 CE to around 70 CE, the perception on Document 1, merchants from a Christian standpoint was very negative, while Document 2, Islam was very positive. Document 1, from the Christian Bible is quoting something that Jesus says. He states, â€Å"It is easier for the camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. † Merchants sold things to make a profit, and most of them became wealthy doing so; in that time period, wealthy people were considered greedy and greed is a sin in the Christian Bible. Sinner’s do not go to heaven and do not belong in God’s kingdom. But from a different point of view, the Muslim Qur’an, is expressing a much more positive attitude toward merchants in that time period. Document 2 is giving a set of guidelines to follow while trading. If the rules are abided by the document states, â€Å"On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith. † In contrast with Christianity the Muslim merchant will go to their â€Å"kingdom† if they are honest and truthful. Although, a merchant writes document 2, so the point of view could have something to do with the positive connotation toward merchants because the writer is one himself. The missing document for these documents would be one that compares how they trade with their religions perspective on trading. As time goes on and you head to the time periods 1170-1400 things evolve in Christianity and Islam. In Christianity, things go from being very negative toward merchants to being very positive towards them. Document 3 is a book, â€Å"The Life of St. Godric†. The short excerpt is talking about Godric a man who spent 16 years of his life being a merchant acquiring valuable things and becoming wealthy. He then began to think of giving it all to charity, to God’s honor and service, the goods, which he had so laboriously acquired. Although, what you don’t know is that Godric is either terminally ill or is dying of old age and that the only reason he is donating to charity is because he no longer has a need for the items. Godric and other Christians now believe that giving away everything you own before you die will be your pass into heaven. In contrast to not being greedy your whole life like in the time period before. In document 4, another Christian based document it also sheds a positive light on merchants. Document 4 is a book called â€Å"Summa Theologica† this book is shedding light on the fact of being fair when selling things. He believes that being a merchant is okay as long as you sell things for what they are worth in contrast to what makes you a profit and that is how you are being a good Christian merchant. Now in Muslim culture things have evolved additionally from a positive view to a negative one. In document 5 a book written by Ibn Khaldun, it talks a lot about how merchants are deceiving spiteful people like in this line, â€Å"This necessitates flattery, and evasiveness, litigation and disputation, all of which are characteristic of this profession. And these qualities lead to a decrease and weakening in virtue and manliness. For these acts inevitably affect the soul. † This is talking about merchants are all of these horrible things because they cheat and lie and anyone who is a merchant will have a terrible soul. Whereas in Christianity it is saying it is okay to be a merchant as long as you follow these rules and give back to the poor, if you do those things you’ll be fine and go to heaven. Going through time you notice everything is changing, the perspective views, the time period, what the merchants are selling, how they are selling the goods. Out of all these things changing some things are staying the same: the fact that they even have merchants, and religions. These two things are your continuity, the things that stay the constant throughout the time period. Merchants stayed constant because to have a good standing economic structure, you need producers and consumers. Someone needs to sell goods, in order for people to receive them, whatever the name, throughout life there is always going to be a merchant. As for the religion, when someone sticks to something and has grown up believing it you aren’t just going to change your view on life in a blink of an eye. These religions have many followers and the views may change but the name of what the religion is will most likely always be the same. As I wrote before, attitudes toward merchants from Islam and Christianity were very different; some viewed merchants in a positive light but others thought of them in a negative way. Between time periods the attitudes changed, Islam first viewed merchants with a positive attitude, and over time their perspective evolved into a negative view of merchants, as for Christianity they first viewed merchants negatively and then over time their view evolved into looking at merchants positively, rather. First, Muslims looked at merchants positively as long as they abided by the guidelines put into the Qur’an; in Christianity merchants were perceived negatively because of how strictly the bible was interpreted. Muslim perceptions of merchants became negative around 1170 BCE, around that same time Christian attitudes changed as well and leaned more toward positive.